Hola Mohalla or Hola Mahalla or simply Hola is a Sikh festival that takes place on the first of the lunar month of Chet which usually falls in March. This, by a tradition estabished by Guru Gobind Singh, follows the Hindu festival of Holi by one day; Hola is the masculine form of the feminine sounding Holi.
The word "Mohalla" is derived from the Arabic root hal (alighting, descending) and is a Punjabi word that implies an organized procession in the form of an army column. But unlike Holi, when people playfully sprinkle colored powder, dry or mixed in water, on each other, the Guru made Hola Mohalla an occasion for the Sikhs to demonstrate their martial skills in simulated battles.
Together the words "Hola Mohalla" stands for "mock fight". During this festival, processions are organised in the form of army type columns accompanied by war-drums and standard-bearers and proceeding to a given spot or moving in state from one gurdwara to another. The custom originated in the time of Guru Gobind Singh who held the first such mock fight event at Anandpur in February 1701.
The foothills of the Shivaliks in Ropar district of Punjab's north-eastern region, especially around the historic townships of Anandpur Sahib and Kiratpur Sahib, have, since 1701 been playing host to Hola Mohalla. Recently, the Indian government accorded it the status of a national festival. The military exercise, which was personally supervised by the guru, was carried out on the bed of the River Charan Ganga with the famous Hindu temple of Mata Naina Devi in the Shivaliks as the backdrop.
Panj Pyara leading a march (Photo:www.bbc.co.uk
This annual festival held at Anandpur Sahib in Punjab and now replicated at other Gurdwaras worldwide was started by the tenth Sikh Guru, as a gathering of Sikhs for military exercises and mock battles on the day following the festival of Holi at Anandpur Sahib. It reminds the people of valour and defence preparedness, concepts dear to the Tenth Guru who was at that time defending the Sikhs from the attacks of the Mughal empire and the hill kings.
On this three-day grand festival, mock battles, exhibitions, display of weapons, etc., are held followed by kirtan, music and poetry competitions. The participants perform daring feats, such as Gatka (mock encounters with real weapons), tent pegging, bareback horse-riding, standing erect on two speeding horses and various other feats of bravery.
There are also a number of Darbars where the Sri Guru Granth Sahib is present and kirtan and religious lectures take place. On the last day a long procession, led by Panj Pyaras, starts from Takhat Keshgarh Sahib, one of the five Sikh religious seats, and passes through various important Gurdwaras like Qila Anandgarh, Lohgarh Sahib, Mata Jitoji and terminates at the Takhat (Keshgarh).
For people visiting Anandpur Sahib, langars (voluntary community kitchens) are organized by the local people as a part of sewa (community service). Raw materials like wheat flour, rice, vegetables, milk and sugar are provided by the villagers living nearby. Women volunteer to cook and others take part in cleaning utensils and other manual tasks that need to be carried out. Traditional cuisine is served to the pilgrims who eat while sitting in rows on the ground. (Pangat)
The Festival of Hola Mahalla
Based on an article by M S. Ahluwalia : An enlightened person has no identification. Their values are universal and in tune with the timeless state of existence. This timeless state of existence can be given any name like Akal Purukh, God, Raam, Rahim, Hari, Parmaatma etc. But these names point to the same ultimate truth. It is useless to worship any name unless it becomes your own experience.
In our own times, developing countries like India have brought tourism into the forefront, owing to the twin advantages of employment generation and capacity to earn foreign exchange. Recent studies, however, have also pointed out the negative effects such as the cultural erosion (of ones own identity), materialism, increase in crime, social conflicts, overcrowding (of the tourists?) and environmental deterioration, which have not only proved counter productive in some cases but have also led to strong opposition, especially in the case of the sexual based-tourism as has developed in Tailand and other under-developed countries, including even India (which involves profit seeking adults enslaving the young and innocent children of many 'third world countries". The only remedial measures to this is the strict adherence to the development of community/religious tourism and its allied branches.
In this brief paper an attempt is made to study the prospects and impact of community/religious tourism and its potential to develop and prosper. The case study is related to the Sikh community's celebrations of Hola Mahalla at Anandpur Sahib (the birth-place of the Khalsa in 1699) in Punjab, an event that coincides with the Indian festival of Holi celebrated all over North India. This study concludes that community oriented tourism, such as ones similar to Hola Mahalla, can bring economic benefits while promoting partnership with others even as we protect the unique Sikh cultural heritage. The paper briefly discusses the history of Hola Mahalla festival, which has been declared a State festival by the Government of Punjab. It also analyses the importance of community tourism and its impact on economic and socio-cultural environment vis-a vis the host community and tourism development.
Details
Street in Anandpur during festivities
Hola Mahalla or simply Hola is a Sikh festival, which takes place on the first of the lunar month of Chet, which usually falls in March. This follows the Hindu festival of Holi; Hola is the masculine form of the feminine noun Holi. Mahalia, derived from the Arabic root hal (alighting, descending), is a Punjabi word that implies an organized procession in the form of an army column accompanied by war drums and standard-bearers, and proceeding to a given location or moving in state from one Gurdwara to another.
This custom originated in the time of Guru Gobind Singh (1666-1708) who held the first march at Anandpur on Chet vadi 1, 1757 Bk (22nd February, 1701). Unlike Holi, when people playfully sprinkle colored powders, dry or mixed in water, on each other the Guru made Hola Mahalla an occasion for the Sikhs to demonstrate their martial skills in simulated battles. This was probably done forestalling a grimmer struggle against the imperial power following the battle of Ninnohgarh in 1700. Holla Mahalla became an annual event held in an open ground near Holgarh, a Fort across the rivulet Charan Ganga, northwest of Anandpur sahib.
The popularity of this festival may be judged from the fact that out of five Sikh public holidays requested by the Khalsa Diwan, of Lahore in 1889, the Government approved only two - Holla Mahalla and the birth anniversary of Guru Nanak. Hola Mahalla is presently the biggest festival at Anandpur. It will be appropriate here to discuss briefly the town and the participants of this festival.
Anandpur
Anandpur (lit. City of Bliss) is situated on one of the lower spurs of the Shiwalik Hills in Ropar District of Punjab and is well connected with the rest of the country both by road and rail. It lies 31 Kms north of Rupnagar (Ropar) and 29 Kms south of Nangal Township. Being one of the supremely important pilgrimage centers of the Sikhs it has been reverently called Anandpur Sahib. It was here at Anandpur that on Baisakhi of 1699, Guru Gobind Singh gave birth to the Khalsa and baptised the the original Panj Piare and inaugurated the order of Saint-Soldiers (holy warriors) who pledged their dedication to defend, not only Sikhs, but thir fellow countyymen and their religious rights as well, in the tradition of one of India's greatest Martyrs Guru Tegh Bahadur who gave his life in the defense of the Hinduism on behalf of the Pandits of Kashmir.
The order of the Khalsa, at the wish of Guru Gobind Singh's would henceforth be distinguished by five symbols, called the Five ks, viz. kes (uncut hair), kangha (comb), kachcha (a pair of shorts), kara (a steel bracelet) and kirpan (sword) so that they could easily be recognized by anyone under attack. Sikhs were further instructed to live to the highest ethical standards, and to be always ready to fight tyranny and injustice.
Holla Mahalla festival
Having been the abode of the last two human Gurus of the Sikhs for for more than 20 years, Anandpur Sahib was witness to many momentous events of Sikh history, including the Hola Mahalla festival, which is an annual feature. The festival has now lost much of its original military significance, but Sikhs in large numbers still assemble at Anandpur Sahib on this day and an impressive and colorful procession is taken out in which the Nihangs, in their traditional panoply, form the vanguard while parading their skill in the use of arms, horsemanship, tent-pegging, and other war-like sports.
Warlike sports of the Nihangs
Gatka fighting during festivities
Originally known as Akalis, the Nihngas or Nihang Singhs are endearingly designated as Guru's Knights or the Guru's beloved. They still carry the military ambience and heroic style that was cultivated during the lifetime of Guru Gobind Singh. Nihangs constitute a distinctive order among the Sikhs and are readily recognized by their dark blue loose apparel and their ample, peaked turbans festooned with quoits, insignia of the Khalsa and rosaries, all made of steel. They are always armed, and are usually seen mounted heavily laden with weapons such as swords, daggers, spears, rifles, shotguns, and pistols.
The word Nihang can be traced back to Persian nihang (alligator, sword) or to Sanskrit nishanka (fearless, carefree). In the former sense, it seems to refer to the reckless courage members of this order displayed in battle. In Guru Gobind Singh's writing, Var Sri Bhagauti Ji 47, it is used for swordsmen warriors of the vanguard. Whatever may be the origin the word Nihang, it signifies the characteristic qualities of the clan- their freedom from fear of danger or death, readiness for action and non-attachment to worldly possessions. During the eighteenth century, one of the confederate armies of the Dal Khalsa, constituted of the Nishanvalia misl chief, Naina Singh, whose style of tightly tied tall turban with a dumala gained currency and those who adopted the style were called Akali Nihangs.
The self-discipline and privilege they gained of convening at Akal Takht general assemblies of the Khalsa, brought the Nihangs into importance far out of proportion to their numbers or political authority. In the time of Maharaja Ranjit Singh (1780-1839), the Akali Nihangs maintained their independent existence. Their leader Phoola Singh Nihang, then custodian of the Akal Takht, was the voice of the religious and the moral conscience of the State, and at times he even censured and chastised the sovereign himself.
The Nihangs are today divided into several groups, each with its own Chaoni (cantonment), but they are loosely organized into two Dals (forces) - Buddha Dal and the Taruna Dal. These names were initially given to the two sections into which the Khalsa army was divided in 1733. Buddha Dal has its Chaoni at Talvandi Sabo in Bhatinda District, while the main Chaoni of the Taruna Dal Nihangs is at Baba Bakala. in Amritsar District.
The week long festival of Hola Mahalla concludes at Gurdwara Holgarh Sahib (which stands on the site of Holgarh Fort), one and half Km northwest of town across the Charan Ganga rivulet. It was here that Guru Gobind Singh introduced in the spring of 1701 the celebration of Holla on the day following the Hindu festival of Holi . Unlike the playful sprinkling of colors as is done during Holi, the Guru made Holla an occasion to demonstrate skills in simulated battle, which is presently carried out by the Nihangs.
The Nihangs assemble in thousands at Anandpur Sahib in March every year to celebrate Hola Mahalla. On this occasion they hold tournaments of military skills, including mock battles. The most spectacular event at the Hola Mahalla is the magnificent procession of Nihangs on horses and elephants and on foot carrying a variety of traditional and modern weapons and demonstrating their skill in using them. The Hola Mahalla festival is unique and distinguishable from other festivals in that the Nihang have tried to preserve the traditional form and content as established during its inception, and strictly observed by the Akalis for more than three centuries.
The martial arts exhibited by the Nihangs provide a picture of their skills and traditions to the visitors as well as the tourist. Because of its great historical, socio-religious and military significance, the Hola Mahalla festival can impressively contribute to a greater awareness of Sikh heritage as well as foster sustainable development of community tourism.
Recommendations
Anandpur Sahib can be developed as a tourist destination not to please a particular community but to develop it as a center of India's rich socio-cultural heritage devoted exclusively to the appreciation of physical abilities of a martial people. It will naturally sustain national and international tourism.
A culturally conscious policy to develop Hola Mahalla as a tourist event should be formed by the State to focus on promoting cultural heritage while providing greater economic benefits to a larger section of the local population. The policy suggested can bring equitable economic benefits, increased community participation, all round development of the area and above all, the preservation of India's cultural heritage.
With thanks to: Dr. M.S. Ahluwalia who is Former Professor & Chairman, Department of History, H.P. University, Shimla (India) with over 30 years of teaching experience at the post-graduate level. Presently he is Senior Fellow at Indian Council of Historical Research, New Delhi. Dr. Ahluwalia has authored six books and currently two books are in press. He actively participates in international conferences presenting papers on varied topics including history and Sikhism.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dolyatra - The Holi of Bengal
Dolyatra, commonly referred to as the festival of colours, is the last festival of a Bengali year. This Dolyatra is a festival being celebrated from time immemorial. Legend has it that the great Lord Krishna expressed his love on the day of Dolyatra, to her beloved, Radha. This myth, is exploited by the masses to usher in joy and happiness on the day of Dolyatra. Since this is the last festival of a Bengali year, it is celebrated with great elan.
Old houses in North Calcutta offer puja to Lord Radha Krishna before starting the celebrations. For the devotees of the Lords, this is an occasion to pray for the ushering in of joy and happiness. In some houses, the pujas are held with great fanfare. Bhajans are held day and night to celebrate the festival. Prasads are distributed lavishly and then people start indulging in putting 'phaag' on all and sundry.
Doljatra is also referred to as 'Basantautsav' since it is held in 'Basantakaal'. The 'Basanta' is the equivalent of spring season. In this season, the weather remains fresh - it is neither too hot nor too cold. The mind of the people also remains fresh. Hence, all of them join the revelry in a spirit of brotherhood. All thoroughfares of Calcutta remain closed on that day. From morning onwards, people start thronging the streets putting colours on passerby's. Groups come out with dhols in their hands singing songs of Lord Krishna and Radha. They distribute sweets and put 'phaag' on everyone. Coloured powder, popularly known as 'phaag' is the basic ingredient of Dojatra. It is through the use of 'phaag' that the expression of happiness of the people come out. The young starts the day by putting 'phaag' on the pictures of all deceased elders and then putting the same on the feet of all elders. The elders, in turn, put the same 'phaag' on the forehead of the youngers as a mark of blessing. After this aspect is over, they go about putting 'phaag' on everyone else. This ritual is very popular because the young and old take recourse to joining this festival equally with the youngsters.
Doljatra is observed with great gusto in Shantiniketan, in the campus of Visva-Bharati University. The students of Visva-Bharati start their preparations from long back. They take to decorate the whole campus with beautiful artistic 'alpana'. On the day of Doljatra, they being out 'Probhat-pheri' singing songs of Holi based on Rabindranath. Dance-dramas and skits are also presented on the occasion highlighting the importance of the occassions. Almost all students of the University take part in the event. Even the vice-chancellor joins the celebrations. The songs and dramas are filled with colourful clothes and the use of 'phaag' in keeping with the spirit of the occasion. People from all over Bengal throng to Bolpur to witness the events. It is from Shantiniketan that the usage of the term 'Basanta utsav' gained popularity. The celebration was initiated by the Gurudev himself and it continues till today. On the days of Doljatra, all hotels of Shantiniketan remain booked. Even foreign tourists flock to this place to gain a first-hand experience.
Doljatra is celebrated throughout India. In the rest of India, it is referred to as 'Holi'. Of late, the cassette companies have started releasing cassettes featuring various aspects of the festival. Not to be left behind, the card companies have also started printing cards for the occasion. Al these have contributed in making the festival more popular.
But, of late, certain digressions are also being observed. This event has become the cause of headache of the police authorities. The harmless spirit seems to have been getting lost. Drunken brawls are slowly becoming commonplace. Hooliganism in the name of putting colours are causing tensions. Even attempts are being made to put colours on members of those communities who do not observe the festival. Let us hope, that these aberrations cease soon and Bengali drown themselves in unalloyed enjoyment once more without malice towards anyone.
-----------------------------------------------------------------
उनकी आजादी मात्र 12 घंटे की है। दिन ढलने के बाद उनकी जिंदगी सिर्फ गांव के चारों ओर ही घूमती है। उन्होंने बीस बरस में एक भी रात स्वछंद होकर नहीं गुजारी। फाजिल्का तहसील का एक ऐसा गांव मुहार जमशेर उर्फ दिलावर भैणी।
गांव वां तारा सिंह.(चंदन स्वप्निल) जिला तरनतारन के भिखीविंड से महज 15 किमी. दूर गांव वां तारा सिंह 1965-71 और कारगिल की भारत-पाक जंग में उजड़ा और फिर बसा। पांच हजार की रिहाइश वाला यह गांव आज भी दंबंगों का गांव कहलाता है।
फिरोजपुर सेक्टर. पाकिस्तान रेडियो के लाहौर केंद्र से भारत विरोधी प्रसारण लगातार जारी है। रोज शाम सात बजे आधे घंटे तक प्रसारित होने वाले अपने कार्यक्रम पंजाबी दरबार में भारत के खिलाफ दुष्प्रचार करने के लिए यह केंद्र मीडिया के आंकड़ों या तथ्यों की गलत व्याख्या करने से भी परहेज नहीं करता।